Large-scale systems refer to complex, interconnected networks or systems that involve a large number of components or entities working together towards a common goal. These systems often involve a high degree of coordination, communication, and integration of different components, and typically operate on a large scale, such as at the level of a city, region, or even a global network. Research in large-scale systems focuses on understanding the dynamics, interactions, and complexities of these systems, as well as developing strategies and technologies to effectively manage and optimize their performance. This can include areas such as infrastructure management, transportation systems, energy grids, supply chains, communication networks, and social systems. Overall, research in large-scale systems aims to address the challenges and opportunities associated with the growing complexity and scale of modern interconnected systems, and to develop innovative solutions to improve their efficiency, reliability, and resilience.